[7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. Agron., 16: 180-195. . That is why per hectare yield of crop is . Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. 2. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Official websites use .gov In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. This can be attributed to two factors. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Wubne, Mulatu. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. J. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Search term. Since then, export earnings from this sector have grown to about US$65 million in 200607 and are projected to double over the next few years. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. 2. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). U.S. Department of Commerce Kassaye Tolassa . Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. [7], By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. [7], Agricultural productivity under the Derg continued to decline. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. <i>Objective</i>. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . [7] Since the fall of the Derg, there have been a number of initiatives to improve the food supply, which include research and training by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. 2. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. (2013). As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. The Blue Nile River. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. An estimated 85 percent of the . The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Brighter Green, 2. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. This site contains PDF documents. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. Abstract and Figures. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East.

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